arguments against marxism based on empirical or epistemological reasoning. others based on assertion marxian conception of society fundamentally flawed.
the marxist stages of history, class analysis, , theory of social evolution have been criticised. jean-paul sartre concluded class not homogenous entity , never mount revolution continued advocate marxist beliefs. marx himself admitted theory not explain internal development of asiatic social system, of world s population lived thousands of years. many notable academics such karl popper, david prychitko, , francis fukuyama argue many of marx s predictions have failed. marx predicted wages tend depreciate , capitalist economies suffer worsening economic crises leading ultimate overthrow of capitalist system. socialist revolution occur first in advanced capitalist nations , once collective ownership had been established sources of class conflict disappear. instead of karl marx s predictions, communist revolutions took place in undeveloped regions in latin america , asia instead of industrialized countries united states or united kingdom.
popper has further argued historical materialism pseudoscience because not falsifiable. popper believed marxism had been scientific, in marx had postulated theory genuinely predictive. when marx s predictions not in fact borne out, popper argues theory saved falsification addition of ad hoc hypotheses attempted make compatible facts. means theory genuinely scientific degenerated pseudo-scientific dogma.
popper agreed on non-falsifiability of social sciences, instead used argument against central planning , all-encompassing historiographical ideologies. thomas kuhn rejected popper s theory of falsifiability , instead proposed gradual emergence of contrary data leads paradigm shift in scientists re-evaluate underlying theoretical beliefs , metaphysics. popper devoted attention dissecting practice of using dialectic in defence of marxist thought, strategy employed v. a. lektorsky in defence of marxism against popper s criticisms. among popper s conclusions marxists used dialectic method of side-stepping , evading criticisms, rather answering or addressing them:
hegel thought philosophy develops; yet own system remain last , highest stage of development , not superseded. marxists adopted same attitude towards marxian system. hence, marx s anti-dogmatic attitude exists in theory , not in practice of orthodox marxism, , dialectic used marxists, following example of engels anti-dühring, purposes of apologetics – defend marxist system against criticism. rule critics denounced failure understand dialectic, or proletarian science, or being traitors. dialectic anti-dogmatic attitude has disappeared, , marxism has established dogmatism elastic enough, using dialectic method, evade further attack. has become have called reinforced dogmatism.
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