1 biography
1.1 life
1.2 serving spanish crown
1.3 first british invasion
1.4 designation viceroy
1.5 second british invasion
1.6 government
1.7 counterrevolution , execution
1.8 legacy
biography
early life
santiago de liniers y bremond, cavalier of order of saint john, cavalier of order of montesa, captain in spanish royal navy born in niort, france, 4th son of jacques joseph louis, comte de liniers (1723–1785) captain of french navy, , henriette thérèse de bremond (1725–1770).
family liniers 1 of antique noble french family, known since 11th century. 1 of ancestors, guillaume de liniers died in battle of poitiers (1356), , 8 of members cavaliers of order of saint john.
in 1765, when 12 years old, younger son, entered military school @ order of malta, after 3 years graduated cross of cavalier (1768). then, became sub-lieutenant of cavalry in royal-piémont regiment (fr) in france.
coat of arms of santiago de liniers, used viceroy of río de la plata.
serving spanish crown
in 1774 requested dismissal , re-enlisted volunteer in campaigns against moors in algiers. benefited third pacte de famille (1761), allowed frenchmen take part in spanish military campaigns equal rights , requirements spaniards. @ campaign s conclusion took exam midshipman in cádiz, serve volunteer spanish crown. in 1775 earned rank of ensign.
in 1776, under orders of pedro de cevallos, sailed viceroyalty of río de la plata , took part on occupation of santa catalina island (spain) , attack on colonia del sacramento (modern day uruguay).
in 1779, officer on san vicente, of spanish-french naval squadron fighting royal navy when spain jointed franco-american alliance in american revolutionary war renewal of bourbon family compact. american revolution allowed him stand out professionally. in 1780, few sloops, captured three-masted ship of 24 guns. in 1782, distinguished himself particularly in siege of port mahon: under fire, moved collision of 2 british ships laden arms , ammunition, seized , conveyed spanish lines. earned him promotion, frigate captain.
a few months later liniers took part in new expedition, time against city of algiers, during first barbary war , second barbary war. campaign did not go spanish navy, , madrid tried negotiate instead. liniers trusted mission. king of trpoli delighted liniers, , agreed free several european prisoners.
the spanish court rewarded him diplomatic success promoting him rank of captain , entrusting command of río de la plata in 1788 organize flotilla of gunships. took him son luis , first wife, juana de menviel, whom had married in málaga. died 2 years later in 1790. liniers married again, time in buenos aires, maría martina sarratea, daughter of 1 of richest merchants of buenos aires.
first british invasion
william carr beresford surrenders santiago de liniers during british invasions of río de la plata, painting charles fouqueray.
the napoleonic wars expanded south america. britain got naval supremacy victory @ battle of trafalgar , france within european continent. france attacked britain imposing continental system, locking continent british trade. needing new markets, britain attacked buenos aires , montevideo, 2 spanish colonies in south america (spain allied france in war). home riggs popham attempted invade buenos aires, without official orders. aware of conditions: if succeeded, britain honour deed, if failed, condemned it.
june 23, 1806, british expeditionary force of 1,700 men landed on left bank of río de la plata , invested buenos aires, had been abandoned viceroy. liniers remained incognito in city, staying in convent of dominicans, vowed offer @ altar of virgin flags of occupiers. secretly escaped montevideo, , of governor pascual ruiz huidobro galvanized people , raised troop of 1,200 volunteers. liberation army embarked on few schooners, joined french privateer corvette. landing on august 4, liniers , men rushed buenos aires, across marshes. city recovered after fierce street fighting ended storming of cathedral, had been fortified british. british general william carr beresford capitulated , offered sword; true liniers s vow, british flags (those of highlanders regiment , green st. helena) transferred church of convent of dominicans, still remain.
british naval red ensign surrendered during second british invasion in 1807 , offered viceroy santiago de liniers, in gratitude victory, our lady of rosary @ santo domingo church, in córdoba, argentina.
designation viceroy
after victory, society stayed on military alert, suspecting british might counterattack soon. buenos aires cabildo called open cabildo discuss next steps, including actions take regarding viceroy sobremonte. decided keep viceroy entering city , appoint liniers, regarded hero, commander-in-chief. sobremonte accepted, , moved montevideo. liniers drafted male population capable of bearing arms, including slaves, defense of city. allowed officials elected voting inside each regiment. lead in city confiscated (even pipes , cutlery) melted ordnance. cabildo requested other cities lend gunpowder, , horses trained run across noise of cannon shots.
a new british task force, larger first one, arrived next year. led samuel auchmuty, later replaced john whitelocke. however, time did not aim @ buenos aires @ montevideo, fell under domination. real audiencia of buenos aires decided depose sobremonte role viceroy, confirmed liniers commander-in-chief, , appointed him interim viceroy. unprecedented action.
saint helena regiment flag (or 95th rifle regiment flag) captured viceroyalty of río de la plata troops during second british invasion in 1807 , offered viceroy santiago de liniers, in gratitude victory, our lady of rosary @ santo domingo church, in córdoba, argentina.
second british invasion
once banda oriental had been secured, british prepared attack on buenos aires. aware city prepared invasion, forces greater in first one, 23 ships , 11,000 soldiers. john whitelocke, leader of british forces, moved buenos aires next river. liniers left city battle him, being defeated, managed retreat , return buenos aires. Álzaga, assuming liniers had died, put defense plans in motion, , morale of troops rose when liniers returned alive. british forced entered city , found strong resistance, , many battalions defeated, while others tried resist @ strategic points. whitelocke suggested truce, rejected liniers, attacked british ships within cannon range. whitelocke s defeat complete, , liniers demanded british forces removed territories of viceroyalty, including banda oriental, in no more 2 months, exchange of prisoners. whitelocke accepted conditions , surrendered.
government
there large number of celebrations after victory against british. liniers officially appointed viceroy in may 1808, , awarded title of count of buenos aires . however, victory of argentine people obtained without military spain led new political situation in independence started emerge. in configuration, liniers appeared fantastic leader during emergency crisis began criticized different parties including conservative members of cabildo, led Álzaga.
on 1 side, spanish leaders criticized new power of argentine people issued formation of criollo armies, , thought spanish influence in danger. on opposite side, criollo people asking more independence, had difficulty understanding perfect sense of loyalty of navy officer issued old french nobility intended respect oath king of spain.
in context, every action coming liniers became source of criticism. example, relation ana perichón severely pointed out, forcing him lock @ home , later deport colonial brazil. in same spirit, french birth became highly controversial when france invaded spain, , started peninsular war, included removal of spanish king , queen french occupying forces. despite clear statements liniers of remaining loyal spanish empire , refusal accept joseph bonaparte king, political enemies created rumours plotting accept bonaparte. promoted in río de la plata xenophobia taking place in spain against french, indirect means attack liniers , lower prestige. arrival of sassenay, agent of napoleon seeking recognition joseph bonaparte king of spain, boosted rumors , controversy.
liniers house in buenos aires
the criollo peoples promoted carlotist project, tried crown charlotte of spain, sister of ferdinand, regent of spanish territories in americas, under constitutional monarchy. project did not achieve success. news of creation of junta of seville seen both criollos , peninsulars chance create similar governments locally, had different perspectives on political line such governments should have. javier de elío, governor of montevideo , allied Álzaga, created junta in city. Álzaga set off mutiny same in buenos aires, forces under command of cornelio saavedra defeated , kept liniers in power. Álzaga jailed , military bodies took part in mutiny dissolved, left military bodies loyal criollos.
the junta of seville appointed new viceroy, baltasar hidalgo de cisneros. criollos proposed liniers resist replacement forces under command. considered rightful king appoint viceroys, , despite circumstances of designation liniers had been confirmed in office charles iv; whereas cisneros, appointed junta, may have lacked such legitimacy. however, liniers rejected proposal, , gave government without resistance.
after leaving government, retired politics , moved córdoba province, settling in town of alta gracia. however, came out of retirement shortly after, when news of may revolution arrived province.
counterrevolution , execution
execution of santiago de liniers.
the governor of córdoba, juan antonio gutiérrez de la concha, called meeting of social elite of córdoba, liniers included, in order discuss reactions towards primera junta. @ time, liniers s father-in-law, martín de sarratea, wrote letter ask him stay away counterrevolution, refused in name of honor , respect word.
the córdoba cabildo gave recognition instead regency council of cádiz, , cisneros secretly gave authorization liniers raise viceroyalty against junta. liniers wrote other royalist leaders, trying organize forces fight against buenos aires. junta decided that, among many enemies threaten it, córdoba dangerous, army led ortiz de ocampo sent fight against it. however, there no fighting: counterrevolutionary army severely damaged espionage, desertions, , sabotage. mere proximity of troops buenos aires caused complete dispersion of army gathered liniers. liniers , other top personnel of counterrevolution tried flee in multiple directions, ocampo captured them all.
ocampo refused execute prisoners, aware of popularity, delivered them buenos aires prisoners instead. junta feared effect entry of liniers city might have, juan josé castelli sent, orders replace ocampo , execute prisoners. execution took place @ cabeza de tigre, on border between santa fe , córdoba.
legacy
museum @ former house of liniers, @ alta gracia, córdoba.
liniers had been recognized in life street of buenos aires named after him, after triumph against british invasions. however, after counterrevolution , new number of heroes of argentine war of independence, names of such streets modified in 1822, during government of martín rodríguez. former liniers street consisted of modern defensa , reconquista streets. higher recognition heroes of war of independence stayed, liniers got renewed recognition time. buenos aires neighborhood of liniers named after him, santiago de liniers municipality in misiones province.
in 1861, queen isabella ii of spain formally requested liniers s body argentine government. remains brought spain , solemnly buried in panteón de marinos ilustres of island of san fernando, cádiz. @ time, liniers s descendants received hereditary title of conde de la lealtad (count of loyalty).
his house @ alta gracia abandoned after death, , bought in 1820 josé manuel solares. family kept long time, until expropriated in 1969 , turned museum in 1977. declared heritage of humanity unesco on december 2, 2000.
one of best known portraits of liniers la reconquista de buenos aires, charles fouqueray.
el último virrey, novel horacio salduna, based on liniers life.
^ groussac, p. 30
^ groussac, p. 29
^ groussac, pp. 30–32
^ demaría & molina de castro 2001, p. 322-325.
^ groussac, pp. 32–33
^ groussac, pp. 33–34
^ groussac, pp. 34–35
^ groussac, pp. 35–36
^ groussac, p. 36
^ groussac, pp. 39–41
^ trofeos de la reconquista de la ciudad de buenos aires en el año 1806 (in spanish). buenos aires: litografía, imprenta y encuadernación de guillermo kraft. 1882.
^ de titto, p. 41
^ palombo, guillermo. las banderas británicas tomadas en buenos aires el 5 de julio de 1807. (in spanish).
^ de titto, p. 42
^ de titto, p. 43
^ de titto, p. 45
^ abad de santillán, diego (1965). virreyes del río de la plata . historia argentina (in spanish). buenos aires: tea (tipográfica editora argentina). p. 212. spanish: nada había en la conducta del virrey que se prestase tergiversaciones, pero no obstante, españoles peninsulares de buenos aires y de montevideo persistieron en sus planes conspirativos contra él, por extranjero y por francés.
english: there nothing in viceroy s conduct lent misrepresentations, nevertheless, peninsular spaniards of buenos aires , montevideo insisted in conspiratorial plans against him, being foreigner , french.
^ de titto, p. 48
^ balmaceda, p. 267
^ santiago de liniers, de virrey estanciero
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