rms celtic of 1901
ss normandie of 1935
since beginning in 19th century, ocean liners must meet growing demands. first liners small , overcrowded, leading unsanitary conditions on board. eliminating these phenomenons required larger ships, reduce crowding of passengers, , faster ships, reduce duration of transatlantic crossings. iron , steel hulls , steam power allowed these advances. thus, ss great western (1,340 grt) , ss great eastern (18,915 grt) constructed in 1838 , 1858 respectively. record set great eastern not beaten until 43 years later in 1901 when rms celtic (20,904 gt) completed. tonnage grew profoundly: first liners have tonnage exceeds 20,000 big 4 of white star line. olympic-class liners, first completed in 1911, first have tonnage exceeds 45,000. ss normandie, completed in 1935, had tonnage of 79,280. in 1940, rms queen elizabeth raised record of size tonnage of 83,673. largest passenger ship ever constructed until 1997. in 2003, rms queen mary 2 became largest, @ 149,215 gt.
in 1840s, average speed of liners less 10 knots (a crossing of atlantic took 12 days or more). in 1870s, average speed of liners increased around 15 knots duration of transatlantic crossing shortened around 7 days, owing technological progress made in propulsion of ships: rudimentary steam boilers gave rise more elaborate machineries , paddlewheel gradually disappeared, replaced first 1 helix 2 helixes. @ beginning of 20th century, cunard line s rms lusitania , rms mauretania reached speed of 27 knots. records seemed unbeatable, , shipping companies abandoned race speed in favor of size, luxury, , safety advent of ships diesel engines, , of engines oil-burning, such bremen, in 1930s, relaunched race blue riband. normandie won in 1935 before being snatched rms queen mary in 1938. not until 1952 ss united states set record remains today: 34.5 knots (3 days , 12 hours of crossing atlantic). in addition, since 1935, blue riband accompanied hales trophy, awarded winner.
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