Regions Presbyterianism




1 regions

1.1 france
1.2 scotland
1.3 england
1.4 wales
1.5 northern ireland
1.6 italy
1.7 north america

1.7.1 united states
1.7.2 canada


1.8 latin america

1.8.1 mexico
1.8.2 brazil
1.8.3 other latin american states


1.9 africa

1.9.1 kenya
1.9.2 malawi
1.9.3 southern africa
1.9.4 northern africa


1.10 asia

1.10.1 hong kong
1.10.2 south korea
1.10.3 taiwan
1.10.4 india


1.11 oceania

1.11.1 australia
1.11.2 new zealand
1.11.3 vanuatu







regions
france

there church of scotland (presbyterian) in central paris scots kirk, paris english-speaking, , attended many nationalities. maintains close links church of scotland in scotland itself; reformed church of france.


scotland

john knox (1505–1572), scot had spent time studying under calvin in geneva, returned scotland , urged countrymen reform church in line calvinist doctrines. after period of religious convulsion , political conflict culminating in victory protestant party @ siege of leith authority of catholic church abolished in favour of reformation legislation of scottish reformation parliament in 1560. church organised andrew melville along presbyterian lines become national church of scotland. king james vi , moved church of scotland towards episcopal form of government, , in 1637, james successor, charles , william laud, archbishop of canterbury, attempted force church of scotland use book of common prayer. resulted armed insurrection, many scots signing solemn league , covenant. covenanters serve government of scotland decade, , send military support parliamentarians during english civil war. following restoration of monarchy in 1660, charles ii, despite initial support received covenanters, reinstated episcopal form of government on church.



an illegal conventicle. covenanters in glen.


however, glorious revolution of 1688 church of scotland unequivocally recognised presbyterian institution monarch due scottish presbyterian support aforementioned revolution , acts of union 1707 between scotland , england guaranteed church of scotland s form of government. however, legislation united kingdom parliament allowing patronage led splits in church. in 1733, group of ministers seceded church of scotland form associate presbytery, group seceded in 1761 form relief church , disruption of 1843 led formation of free church of scotland. further splits took place, on theological issues, presbyterians in scotland reunited 1929 union of established church of scotland , united free church of scotland.


the presbyterian denominations in scotland today church of scotland, free church of scotland, united free church of scotland, free church of scotland (continuing), free presbyterian church of scotland, associated presbyterian church (associated presbyterian churches), , reformed presbyterian church of scotland.


within scotland term kirk used refer local presbyterian church. informally, term kirk refers church of scotland. of values , ideals espoused in scottish presbyterian denominations can reflected in reference in book norman drummond, chaplain queen in scotland.


england

in england, presbyterianism established in secret in 1592. thomas cartwright thought first presbyterian in england. cartwright s controversial lectures @ cambridge university condemning episcopal hierarchy of elizabethan church led deprivation of post archbishop john whitgift , emigration abroad. between 1645 , 1648, series of ordinances of long parliament established presbyterianism polity of church of england. presbyterian government established in london , lancashire , in few other places in england, although presbyterian hostility execution of charles , establishment of republican commonwealth of england meant parliament never enforced presbyterian system in england. re-establishment of monarchy in 1660 brought return of episcopal church government in england (and in scotland short time); presbyterian church in england continued in non-conformity, outside of established church. in 1719 major split, salter s hall controversy, occurred; majority siding nontrinitarian views. thomas bradbury published several sermons bearing on controversy, , in 1719, answer reproaches cast on dissenting ministers subscribed belief of eternal trinity. . 18th century many english presbyterian congregations had become unitarian in doctrine.


a number of new presbyterian churches founded scottish immigrants england in 19th century , later. following disruption in 1843 many of linked church of scotland joined became presbyterian church of england in 1876. some, crown court (covent garden, london), st andrew s (stepney, london) , swallow street (london), did not join english denomination, why there church of scotland congregations in england such @ crown court, , st columba s, pont street (knightsbridge) in london. there congregation in heart of london s financial district called london city presbyterian church affiliated free church of scotland.


in 1972, presbyterian church of england (pcofe) united congregational church in england , wales form united reformed church (urc). among congregations pcofe brought urc tunley (lancashire), aston tirrold (oxfordshire) , john knox presbyterian church, stepney, london (now part of stepney meeting house urc) – these among sole survivors today of english presbyterian churches of 17th century. urc has presence in scotland, of former congregationalist churches. 2 former presbyterian congregations, st columba s, cambridge (founded in 1879), , st columba s, oxford (founded chaplaincy pcofe , church of scotland in 1908 , congregation of pcofe in 1929), continue congregations of urc , university chaplaincies of church of scotland.


in recent years number of smaller denominations adopting presbyterian forms of church government have organised in england, including international presbyterian church planted evangelical theologian francis schaeffer of l abri fellowship in 1970s, , evangelical presbyterian church in england , wales founded in north of england in late 1980s.


wales

in wales, presbyterianism represented presbyterian church of wales, composed largely of calvinistic methodists accepted calvinist theology rather arminianism of wesleyan methodists. broke off church of england in 1811, ordaining own ministers. known calvinist methodist connexion , in 1920s became alternatively known presbyterian church of wales.


northern ireland

presbyterianism largest protestant denomination in northern ireland , second largest on island of ireland (after anglican church of ireland), , brought scottish plantation settlers ulster had been encouraged emigrate james vi of scotland, later james of ireland , england. estimated 100,000 scottish presbyterians moved northern counties of ireland between 1607 , battle of boyne in 1690. presbytery of ulster formed in 1642 separately established anglican church. presbyterians, along roman catholics in ulster , rest of ireland, suffered under discriminatory penal laws until revoked in 19th century. presbyterianism represented in ireland presbyterian church in ireland, free presbyterian church of ulster, non-subscribing presbyterian church of ireland, reformed presbyterian church of ireland , evangelical presbyterian church.


italy

further information: waldensian


the waldensian evangelical church (chiesa evangelica valdese, cev) italian protestant denomination. church founded in 12th century, , centuries later, after protestant reformation, adhered calvinist theology , became italian branch of presbyterian churches. such, church member of world communion of reformed churches.


north america


evolution of presbyterianism in united states


even before presbyterianism spread immigrants abroad scotland, there divisions in larger presbyterian family. later rejoined separate again. in interpret rueful self-reproach, presbyterians refer divided presbyterian churches split p s .


united states

presbyterianism first officially arrived in colonial america in 1644 establishment of christ s first presbyterian church in hempstead, ny. church organized rev. richard denton.


another notable church established in 1703 first presbytery in philadelphia. in time, presbytery joined 2 more form synod (1717) , evolve presbyterian church in united states of america in 1789. nation s largest presbyterian denomination, presbyterian church (u.s.a.) – pc (usa) – can trace heritage original pcusa, can presbyterian church in america (pca), orthodox presbyterian church (opc), bible presbyterian church (bpc), cumberland presbyterian church (cpc), cumberland presbyterian church in america, evangelical presbyterian church (epc), , evangelical covenant order of presbyterians (eco).


other presbyterian bodies in united states include reformed presbyterian church of north america (rpcna), associate reformed presbyterian church (arp), reformed presbyterian church in united states (rpcus), reformed presbyterian church general assembly, reformed presbyterian church – hanover presbytery, covenant presbyterian church, presbyterian reformed church, westminster presbyterian church in united states, korean american presbyterian church, , free presbyterian church of north america.



first presbyterian church in phoenix, arizona


the territory within 50-mile (80 km) radius of charlotte, north carolina, historically greatest concentration of presbyterianism in southern united states, while identical geographic area around pittsburgh, pennsylvania, contains largest number of presbyterians in entire nation.


the pc (usa), beginning predecessor bodies, has, in common other so-called mainline protestant denominations, experienced significant decline in members in recent years. estimates have placed loss @ half in last forty years.


presbyterian influence, through princeton theology can traced in modern evangelicalism. balmer says that:



evangelicalism itself, believe, quintessentially north american phenomenon, deriving did confluence of pietism, presbyterianism, , vestiges of puritanism. evangelicalism picked peculiar characteristics each strain – warmhearted spirituality pietists (for instance), doctrinal precisionism presbyterians, , individualistic introspection puritans – north american context has profoundly shaped various manifestations of evangelicalism: fundamentalism, neo-evangelicalism, holiness movement, pentecostalism, charismatic movement, , various forms of african-american , hispanic evangelicalism.



in late 1800s, presbyterian missionaries established presence in northern new mexico. provided alternative catholicism, brought area spanish conquistadors , had remained unchanged. area experienced mini reformation, in many converts made presbyterianism, prompting persecution. in cases, converts left towns , villages establish own neighboring villages. arrival of united states area prompted catholic church modernize , make efforts @ winning converts back, many of did return. however, there still stalwart presbyterians , presbyterian churches in area.


canada

rev bruin romkes comingo, 1st presbyterian minister in canada, st. andrew s presbyterian church (lunenburg)


in canada, largest presbyterian denomination – , indeed largest protestant denomination – presbyterian church in canada, formed in 1875 merger of 4 regional groups. in 1925, united church of canada formed majority of presbyterians combining methodist church, canada, , congregational union of canada. sizable minority of canadian presbyterians, in southern ontario throughout entire nation, withdrew, , reconstituted non-concurring continuing presbyterian body. regained use of original name in 1939.


latin america

presbyterian cathedral of rio de janeiro, brazil


presbyterianism arrived in latin america in 19th century.


mexico

the biggest presbyterian church national presbyterian church in mexico (iglesia nacional presbiteriana de méxico), has around 2,500,000 members , associates , 3000 congregations, there other small denominations associate reformed presbyterian church in mexico founded in 1875 associate reformed church in north america. independent presbyterian church , presbyterian reformed church in mexico, national conservative presbyterian church in mexico existing churches in reformed tradition.


brazil

in brazil, presbyterian church of brazil (igreja presbiteriana brasil) totals approximately 1,011,300 members; other presbyterian churches (independents, united, conservatives, renovated, etc.) in nation have around 350,000 members. renewed presbyterian church in brazil influenced charismatic movement , has 131 000 members of 2011. conservative presbyterian church founded in 1940 , has 8 presbyteries. fundamentalist presbyterian church in brazil influenced karl mcintire , bible presbyterian church usa , has around 1 800 members. independent presbyterian church in brasil founded in 1903 pastor pereira, has 500 congregations , 75 000 members. united presbyterian church in brazil has around 4 000 members. there ethnic korean presbyterian churches in country. evangelical reformed church in brazil has dutch origin. reformed churches in brazil founded canadian reformed churches reformed church in netherlands (liberated).


congregational churches present in country part of calvinistic tradition in latin america.


other latin american states

there more 4 million members of presbyterian churches in of latin america. presbyterian churches present in peru, bolivia, cuba, trinidad , tobago, venezuela, colombia, chile, paraguay, costa rica, nicaragua, argentina , others, few members. presbyterian church in belize has 14 churches , church plants , there reformed seminary founded in 2004. latin americans in north america active in presbyterian cursillo movement.


africa

presbyterianism arrived in africa in 19th century through work of scottish missionaries , founded churches such st michael , angels church, blantyre, malawi. church has grown extensively , has presence in @ least 23 countries in region.


african presbyterian churches incorporate diaconal ministries, including social services, emergency relief, , operation of mission hospitals. number of partnerships exist between presbyteries in africa , pc(usa), including specific connections lesotho, malawi, south africa, ghana , zambia. example, lackawanna presbytery, located in northeastern pennsylvania, has partnership presbytery in ghana. southminster presbyterian church, located near pittsburgh, has partnerships churches in malawi , kenya. presbyterian church of nigeria, western africa healthy , strong in southern states of nation, strong density in south-eastern states of country. beginning cross river state, nearby coastal states, rivers state, lagos state ebonyi , abia states. missionary expedition of mary slessor , hope waddel , group in mid 18th century in coastal regions of ten british colony has brought beginning , flourishing of church in these areas.


kenya

the presbyterian church of east africa, based in kenya, particularly strong, 500 clergy , 4 million members.


malawi

the reformed presbyterian church in malawi has 150 congregations , 17 000–20 000 members. mission of free presbyterian church of scotland. restored reformed church works rpcm. evangelical presbyterian church in malawi existing small church. part of presbyterian church in malawi , zambia known ccap, church of central africa-presbyterian. churches there have 1 main congregation , number of prayer houses develop. education, health ministries worship , spiritual development important.


southern africa

southern africa major base of reformed , presbyterian churches.


northern africa

in addition there number of presbyterian churches in north africa, known nile synod in egypt , founded synod sudan.


asia
hong kong

cumberland presbyterian church yao dao secondary school presbyterian school in yuen long, new territories. cumberland presbyterian church have church on island of cheung chau. there korean christians resident in hong kong presbyterians.


south korea

presbyterian churches biggest , far influential protestant denominations in south korea, close 20,000 churches affiliated 2 largest presbyterian denominations in country. in south korea there 15 million protestants , 9 million presbyterians. in south korea there 100 different presbyterian denominations.


most of korean presbyterian denominations share same name in korean, 대한예수교장로회 (literally means presbyterian church of korea or pck), tracing roots united presbyterian assembly before long history of disputes , schisms. presbyterian schism began controversy in relation japanese shrine worship enforced during japanese colonial period , establishment of minor division (koryu-pa, 고려파, later koshin presbyterian church in korea, koshin 고신) in 1952. , in 1953 second schism happened when theological orientation of chosun seminary (later hanshin university) founded in 1947 not tolerated in pck , minor group (the presbyterian church in republic of korea, kijang, 기장) separated. last major schism had issue of whether pck should join wcc. controversy divided pck 2 denominations, presbyterian church of korea (tonghap, 통합) , general assembly of presbyterian church in korea (hapdong, 합동) in 1959. major seminaries associated each denomination claim heritage pyung yang theological seminary, therefore, not presbyterian university , theological seminary , chongsin university related pck hanshin university of prok celebrated 100th class in 2007, 100 years first graduates of pyung yang theological seminary.


korean presbyterian denominations active in evangelism , many of missionaries being sent overseas, being second biggest missionary sender in world after united states. gsm, missionary body of hapdong general assembly of presbyterian churches of korea, single largest presbyterian missionary organization in korea. in addition there many korean-american presbyterians in united states, either own church sites or sharing space in pre-existing churches case in australia, new zealand , muslim countries such saudi arabia korean immigration.


the korean presbyterian church started through mission of presbyterian church (usa) , australian presbyterian theological tradition central united states. after independence, presbyterian church in korea (koryupa) advocated dutch reformed position. in 21st century, new general assembly of orthodox presbyterian church of korea (founder. ha seung-moo) in 2012 declared authentic historical succession of scottish presbyterian john knox.


taiwan

the presbyterian church in taiwan (pct) far largest protestant denomination in taiwan, 238,372 members of 2009 (including majority of island s aborigines). english presbyterian missionary james laidlaw maxwell established first presbyterian church in tainan in 1865. colleague george leslie mackay, of canadian presbyterian mission, active in danshui , north taiwan 1872 1901; founded island s first university , hospital, , created written script taiwanese minnan. english , canadian missions joined pct in 1912. 1 of few churches permitted operate in taiwan through era of japanese rule (1895–1945), pct experienced rapid growth during era of guomindang-imposed martial law (1949–1987), in part due support democracy, human rights, , taiwan independence. former roc president lee teng-hui (in office 1988–2000) presbyterian.


india

jowai presbyterian church, india


in christian indian state of mizoram, presbyterian denomination largest denomination; brought region missionaries wales in 1894. prior mizoram, welsh presbyterians (missionaries) started venturing north-east of india through khasi hills (presently located within state of meghalaya in india) , established presbyterian churches on khasi hills 1840s onwards. hence there strong presence of presbyterians in shillong (the present capital of meghalaya) , areas adjoining it. welsh missionaries built first church in sohra (aka cherrapunji) in 1846. presbyterians participated in mergers resulted in church of north india , church of south india. presybyterianism in mizoram, largest in india has 70 percent of presbyterians in day , age.


oceania
australia


timeline showing presbyterian denominations in australia on past 100 years, , movement of congregations 1 another


in australia, presbyterianism fourth largest denomination of christianity, 600,000 australians claiming presbyterian in 2006 commonwealth census. presbyterian churches founded in each colony, links church of scotland , others free church. there congregations originating united presbyterian church of scotland number founded john dunmore lang. of these bodies merged between 1859 , 1870, , in 1901 formed federal union called presbyterian church of australia retaining state assemblies. presbyterian church of eastern australia representing free church of scotland tradition, , congregations in victoria of reformed presbyterian church, ireland, other existing denominations dating colonial times.


in 1977, 2 thirds of presbyterian church of australia, along of congregational union of australia , methodist church of australasia, combined form uniting church in australia. third did not unite had various reasons acting, cultural attachment conservative theological or social views. permission ordination of women given in 1974 rescinded in 1991 without affecting 2 or 3 existing woman ministers. approval of women elders given in 1960s has been rescinded in states except new south wales, has largest membership. theology of church conservative , reformed. number of small presbyterian denominations have arisen since 1950s through migration or schism.


new zealand

kaikorai presbyterian church, new zealand


in new zealand, presbyterian dominant denomination in otago , southland due largely rich scottish , lesser extent ulster-scots heritage in region. area around christchurch, canterbury, dominated philosophically anglican (episcopalian) denomination.


originally there 2 branches of presbyterianism in new zealand, northern presbyterian church existed in north island , parts of south island north of waitaki river, , synod of otago , southland, founded free church settlers in southern south island. 2 churches merged in 1901, forming presbyterian church of aotearoa new zealand.


in addition presbyterian church of aotearoa new zealand, there more conservative presbyterian church called grace presbyterian church of new zealand. many of members left largely liberal pcanz because seeking more biblical church. has 17 churches throughout new zealand.


vanuatu

the presbyterian church in vanuatu largest denomination in country, approximately one-third of population of vanuatu members of church. pcv taken vanuatu missionaries scotland. pcv (presbyterian church of vanuatu) headed moderator offices in port vila. pcv particularly strong in provinces of tafea, shefa, , malampa. province of sanma presbyterian strong roman catholic minority in francophone areas of province. there presbyterian people, no organised presbyterian churches in penama , torba, both of traditionally anglican. vanuatu country in south pacific significant presbyterian heritage , membership. pcv founding member of vanuatu christian council (vcc). pcv runs many primary schools , onesua secondary school. church strong in rural villages.








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