ss great eastern of 1858
as size of ship increased, wooden hull became fragile. beginning use of iron hull in 1845, , steel hulls, solved problem. first ship both iron-hulled , equipped screw propeller ss great britain, creation of brunel. however, career disastrous , short. run aground , stranded @ dundrum bay in 1846. in 1884, retired falkland islands used warehouse, quarantine ship, , coal hulk until scuttled in 1937. american company collins line took different approach. equipped ships cold rooms, heating system, , various other innovations operation expensive. sinking of 2 of ships major blow company dissolved in 1858.
in 1858, brunel built third , last giant, ss great eastern. ship was, 43 years, largest passenger ship ever built. had capacity carry 4,000 passengers. however, career marked series of failures , incidents, 1 of explosion on board during maiden voyage.
many ships owned german companies hamburg america line , norddeutscher lloyd sailing major german ports, such hamburg , bremen, united states during time. year 1858 marked major accident: sinking of ss austria. ship, built in greenock , sailing between hamburg , new york twice month, suffered accidental fire off coast of newfoundland , sank loss of 89 of 542 passengers.
rms teutonic of 1889
in british market, cunard line , white star line (the latter after being bought thomas ismay in 1868), competed against each other in late 1860s. struggle symbolised attainment of blue riband, 2 companies achieved several times around end of century. luxury , technology of ships evolving. auxiliary sails became obsolete , disappeared @ end of century. possible military use of passenger ships envisaged and, in 1889, rms teutonic became first auxiliary cruiser in history. in time of war, ships equipped cannons , used in cases of conflict. teutonic succeeded in impressing emperor wilhelm ii of germany, wanted see country endowed modern fleet.
in 1870, white star line’s rms oceanic set new standard ocean travel having first-class cabins amidships, added amenity of large portholes, electricity , running water. size of ocean liners increased 1880 meet needs of immigration united states , australia.
rms umbria , sister ship rms etruria last 2 cunard liners of period fitted auxiliary sails. both ships built john elder & co. of glasgow, scotland, in 1884. record breakers standards of time, , largest liners in service, plying liverpool new york route.
ss ophir 6814-ton steamship owned orient steamship co., , fitted refrigeration equipment. plied suez canal route england australia during 1890s, until years leading world war when converted armed merchant cruiser.
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