1 post-independence, 1917-
1.1 nordic classicism , international functionalism
1.2 regional functionalism
1.3 postmodernism, critical regionalism, deconstruction, minimalism, parametricism
1.4 neo- , generic urbanism , green building
post-independence, 1917-
national board of settlements (asutushallitus) type-house, 1937.
nordic classicism , international functionalism
with finland s independence achieved in 1917, there turn away jugendstil style, became associated bourgeois culture. in turn there brief return classicism, so-called nordic classicism, influenced extent architect study trips italy, key examples sweden, in particular architecture of gunnar asplund. notable finnish architects period include j. s. sirén , gunnar taucher, work of alvar aalto, erik bryggman, martti välikangas, hilding ekelund , pauli e. blomstedt. notable large scale building period finnish parliament building (1931) sirén. other key buildings built in style finnish language adult education centre in helsinki (1927) taucher (with key assistance p.e. blomstedt), vyborg art museum , drawing school (1930) uno ullberg, taidehalli art gallery, helsinki (1928) , töölö church, helsinki (1930) hilding ekelund, , several buildings alvar aalto, in particular workers club, jyväskylä (1925), south-west finland agricultural building, turku (1928), muuramäki church (1929) , version of vyborg library (1927–35) before aalto modified design in line emerging functionalist style.
but beyond these public buildings designed in nordic classicism style, same style used in timber constructed workers housing, famously in puu-käpylä ( wooden käpylä ) district of helsinki (1920–25) martti välikangas. around 165 houses of puu-käpylä, modelled on farmhouses, built traditional square log construction clad in vertical boarding, construction technique rationalised on-site factory partly building element technique. principle of standardization housing take off during time. in 1922 national board of social welfare (sosiaalihalitus) commissioned architect elias paalanen design different options of farmhouses, published brochure, pienasuntojen tyyppipiirustuksia (standard drawings small houses) republished several times. in 1934 paalanen commissioned design equivalent urban type-house, , came twelve different options. alvar aalto, too, became involved, 1936, in standard small houses, designing ahlström timber , wood product company, 3 types of so-called aa system: 40 m² (type a), 50 m² (type b) , 60 m² (type c). though based on traditional farmhouses, there clear stylistic elements nordic classicism modernism. however, repercussions of second world war standard system house design took on greater potency, advent of so-called rintamamiestalo house (literally: war-front soldier s house). these built throughout country; particularly well-preserved example district of karjasilta in oulu. same house type took on different role in aftermath of world war 2 part of finnish war reparations soviet union; among goods delivered finland soviet union on 500 wooden houses based on standard rintamamiestalo house, deliveries taking place between 1944 , 1948. number of these houses ended being exported soviet union various places in poland, small finnish villages established; example, district of szombierki in bytom, in katowice , sosnowiec.
apart housing design, period of nordic classicism regarded being brief, surpassed more continental style - in banks , other office buildings - typified frosterus , pauli e. blomstedt (e.g. liittopankki bank building, helsinki, 1929). in reality, however, synthesis of elements various styles emerged. nevertheless, late 1920s , 1930s there significant move towards functionalism, inspired french-swiss architect le corbusier, examples closer hand, again sweden, such stockholm exhibition (1930) asplund , sigurd lewerentz. however, @ time, there architects attempted articulate dissatisfaction static styles, sigurd frosterus , gustaf strengel had criticised national romanticism. pauli e. blomstedt, had designed significant buildings in nordic classicism style, became vehement critic, writing sarcastically in 1928 essay architectural anemia nordic classicism s sense of taste , @ time when had endorsed white functionalism:
there no difference between architect , fashionable tailor. dress designers travel each spring parisian fashion houses, , architects make trip stockholm or gothenburg every , , find there latest novelties of season, is, if have not been published in our revue des modes , byggmästaren journal or architekten journal. window frames, ready-made colonnades , bitter-sweet colours, complete interiors can find way finland. have developed during last few years, , facades , ciytscapes made harmonious! s many say. ...let add circles - called medallions - between windows on floors, , demonstrate sensitive artistry, find delicate dangling clothesline of garland, or flattened-out meander, or gilt star, extremely elegant solution.
blomstedt himself died prematurely in 1935, aged 35. significant vehicle development of modernism in finland contemporary, alvar aalto, friend of asplund key swedish architect sven markelius. latter had invited aalto join congrès international d architecture moderne (ciam), ostensibly run le corbusier. aalto s reputation significant contributor modernism endorsed involvement in ciam , inclusion of works in significant architectural journals worldwide significant histories of architecture, notably in second edition (1949) of space, time , architecture secretary-general of ciam, sigfried giedion. aalto s significant buildings period of modernism, corresponded theoretical principles , architectural aesthetic of le corbusier , other modernist architects such walter gropius, include turku sanomat newspaper offices, turku, paimio tuberculosis sanatorium (1932) (part of nationwide campaign tuberculosis sanatorium construction) , viipuri library (1927–35). central functionalism paying close attention how building used. in case of aalto s paimio tuberculosis sanatorium, starting point design, himself claimed, make building contributor healing process. aalto liked call building medical instrument . instance, particular attention paid design of patient bedrooms: these held 2 patients, each or own cupboard , washbasin. aalto designed special non-splash basins, patient not disturb other while washing. patients spent many hours lying down, , aalto placed lamps in room out of patients line of vision , painted ceiling relaxing dark green avoid glare. each patient had own specially designed cupboard, fixed wall , off floor aid in cleaning beneath it.
another key finnish modernist architect period, had gone through nordic classicism, , briefly in partnership aalto - working on design of turku fair of 1929 - erik bryggman, chief among own works being resurrection chapel (1941) in turku. however, giedion importance of aalto led in move away high modernism, towards organic architecture - , giedion saw it, impulse lay in natural formations of finland. though these organic elements said visible in these first projects, became more apparent in aalto s masterpiece house design, villa mairea (1937–39), in noormarkku - designed industrialist harry gullichsen , industrialist-heiress wife maire gullichsen - design felt took inspiration frank lloyd wright s fallingwater (1936–39), in pennsylvania, usa. though when designing luxury villa, aalto argued felt villa mairea provide research building standardisation social housing.
the shift or transition nordic classicism functionalism said have been sudden , revolutionary, aalto s turku sanomat newspaper offices , paimio sanatorium, employs such distinct modernist features use of reinforced concrete construction, steel strip windows , flat roofs. shift in aalto s design approach classicism modernism epitomised viipuri library (1927–35), went through transformation classical competition entry proposal (1927) completed high-modernist building, following delays in project, yet still retaining many of ideals of original idea. traces of nordic classicism naturally continue synthesized functionalism , more idiosyncratic individual style, well-known example being erik bryggman s mature work, resurrection chapel in turku, dating late 1941. indeeed, in major study of finnish architecture during period, albeit particular emphasis on aalto, greek historian-theoretician demetri porphyrios, in sources of modern eclecticism (1983), argues organic ordering of aalto s mature works makes use of same heterotopic ordering - i.e. juxtaposition of contrary elements - evident in nordic national romantic architecture end of 19th , beginning of 20th century; example, works of eliel saarinen.
regional functionalism
a major event enabled finland display modernist architecture credentials helsinki olympic games. key among buildings olympic stadium architects yrjö lindegren , toivo jäntti, first version of result of architectural competition in 1938, intended games due held in 1940 (cancelled due war), held in enlarged stadium in 1952. importance of olympic games architecture coupled modern, white functionalist architecture modernisation of nation, giving public endorsement; indeed general public contribute funding of stadium s construction purchasing various souvenir trinkets. other channels functionalist architecture developed means of various state architecture offices, such military, industry, , small extent tourism. strong white functionalism characterised mature architecture of erkki huttunen, head of building department of retail cooperative suomen osuuskauppojen keskuskunta (sok), evident in production works, warehouses, offices , shops built throughout country; first of these combined office , warehouse in rauma (1931), white-rendered walls, roof terrace ship railing balustrade, large street-level windows , curved access stairs. ministry of defence had own building-architecture department, , during 1930s many of military s buildings designed in white functionalism style. 2 examples viipuri military hospital , tilkka military hospital in helsinki (1936), both designed olavi sortta. following independence there growing tourism industry emphasis on experiencing wilderness of lapland: fashionable white functionalist architecture of hotel pohjanhovi in rovaniemi pauli e. blomstedt (1936, destroyed in lapland war in 1944) catered growing middle-class finnish tourists foreign tourists lapland, though @ same time more modest hostels designed in vernacular rustic style being built.
following world war two, finland ceded 11% of territory , 30% of economic assets soviet union part of moscow peace treaty of 1940. 12% of finland s population, including 422,000 karelians, evacuated. state response has become known period of reconstruction. reconstruction started in rural areas because still @ time two-thirds of population lived there. reconstruction involved not repair of war damage (e.g. destruction of city of rovaniemi retreating german army) beginnings of greater urbanisation, programmes standardised housing, building programmes schools, hospitals, universities , other public service buildings, construction of new industries , power stations. instance, architect aarne ervi responsible design of 5 power stations along oulujoki river in decade after war, , alvar aalto designed several industrial complexes following war, though in fact had been heavily involved in designing projects of various sizes finnish industrial enterprises since 1930s. however, expansion of public works, decade following war marred shortages in building materials, except wood. finnish lutheran church became key figure in architecture in interim , post-war period arranging finnish association of architects (safa) architectural competitions design of new churches , cemeteries/cemetery chapels throughout country, , significant war-time , post-war examples include: turku resurrection chapel (erik bryggman, 1941), lahti church (alvar aalto, 1950), vuoksenniska church (alvar aalto, 1952-7), vatiala cemetery chapel, tampere (viljo rewell, 1960), hyvinkää church (aarno ruusuvuori, 1960), , holy cross chapel, turku (pekka pitkänen, 1967). bryggman in particular designed several cemetery chapels prolific designer of war graves, designed in conjunction artists.
the 1950s marked beginning not of greater population migration cities state financed projects social housing. key example so-called käärmetalo (literally snake house , though referred in english serpentine house ), (1949–51) yrjö lindegren; built using traditional building techniques, plastered brick, building nevertheless has modern snake-like form follows topography of area whilst creating small pocket-like yards residents. beyond matter of form, production of mass housing based on systems of standardisation , prefabricated element construction. leader in design of social housing hilding ekelund - had been responsible design of athletes village olympic games. challenge traditional urbanisation process came, however, design of forest towns , high-rise developments set in forested areas on outskirts of major cities, such pihlajamäki suburb of helsinki (1959–65), based on town plan olli kivinen, , building designs lauri silvennoinen, area comprising white functionalist-style 9-storey tower blocks , 250-metre-long 4-5-storey lamella blocks dispersed within forest setting. pihlajamäki 1 of first precast concrete construction projects in finland. major example of goal set living within nature tapiola garden city, located in espoo, promoted founder heikki von hertzen encourage social mobility. town planning garden city made otto-iivari meurman, , key buildings of town centre aarne ervi, , other buildings by, among others, aulis blomstedt , viljo revell. in 1950s , 1960s, finnish economy began prosper greater industrialisation, state began consolidate welfare state, building more hospitals, schools, universities , sports facilities (athletics being sport finland had proved successful in internationally). larger businesses have architectural policies, notably dairy company valio, in constructing rational high-tech factories , later, headquarters (helsinki, 1975–78) own architect matti k. mäkinen, architect kaarina löfström. there was, however, flip side urbanization , expressed concern value of nature; traditional towns, old medieval ones, such porvoo , rauma, under threat of being demolished, replaced straightened streets , large urban developments of prefabricated multi-storey blocks. did indeed happen extent in cities of turku – wholsale redevlopment described turku disease –, helsinki , tampere; latter 2 did not have medieval architecture @ , turku had lost majority of medieval building entities @ great fire in 1827. anyway, old town areas of porvoo , rauma saved, wooden old town of rauma, old rauma, becoming unesco world heritage site.
there @ time more disposable income; 1 outlet growth in number of leisure homes - preserve of wealthy - preferably placed alone on 1 of numerous isolated lakesides or coastal waterfront. essential part of leisure home (occupied summer holidays , intermittently during spring , autumn, close winter) has been sauna, separate building. indeed, sauna had traditionally been rural phenomenon, , popularity in modern homes consequence of growth leisure-time activity rather washing facility. finnish association of architects (safa) , commercial companies organised design competitions standardised models of leisure homes , saunas, preferably built in wood. architects use summer house type , sauna opportunity experiment, opportunity many architects still use today. in terms of size , opulence, aalto s own summer house, so-called experimental house, in muuratsalo (1952–53) fell between traditions of middle-class splendor , modest rusticity, while accompanying lakeside sauna, built round logs, modern application of rustic construction. 1960s witnessed more experimental summer house types, designed objective of serial production. noted of these matti suuronen s futuro house (1968) , venturo house (1971), of several made , sold worldwide. success short lived, however, production hit 1970s energy crisis.
the late 1950s , 1960s witnessed reaction still dominant position of alvar aalto in finnish architecture, though some, heikki , kaija siren (e.g. otaniemi chapel, 1956–57), keijo petäjä (e.g. lauttasaari church, helsinki, 1958), viljo revell (e.g. toronto city hall, canada, 1958–65), timo penttilä (e.g. helsinki city theatre, 1967), marjatta , martti jaatinen (e.g. kannelmäki church, 1962–68), , brothers timo , tuomo suomalainen (e.g. temppeliaukio church, helsinki, 1961–69) developed own interpretation of non-rationalist modernist architecture. taking architecture in more idiosyncratic organic line aalto reima pietilä, while @ other end of spectrum rationalist line epitomized in works of aarne ervi, aulis blomstedt, aarno ruusuvuori, kirmo mikkola, kristian gullichsen, matti k. mäkinen, pekka salminen, juhani pallasmaa and, later, helin & siitonen architects.
blomstedt key figure here, 1 of founding figures of museum of finnish architecture, professor of architecture theory @ helsinki university of technology, editor of main finnish architecture journal arkkitehti (finnish architecture review), , key member of helsinki branch of ciam helped create in 1958 le carré bleu, journal of architecture theory published solely in french (so come attention of key players in ciam). focus of journal on strict formalism , morphology. among articles, journal featured blomstedt s own studies in geometric proportion , dimensioning systems, inspired harmonic systems devised swiss mathematician hans kayser le corbusier s studies of proportional systems. 1 of blomstedt s key works, extension finnish language adult education centre, helsinki (1959) (the main building, 1927, had been designed gunnar taucher blomstedt s older brother pauli e. blomstedt) application of research, entire building based on subdivisions of basic 360mm module (5x72, 3x120 , 2x180mm). indeed, crux of blomstedt s approach development of dimensioning , proportional system architectural design that, argued, in harmony laws of nature , beauty (human scale , musical harmony) while providing standard system mass industrialisation of building, regarded central efficacy of modernism. 1 of blomstedt s proportional experiments, 1973, became logo museum of finnish architecture.
reima pietilä had been active in activities of museum of finnish architecture publishing theoretical articles in le carré bleu , arkkitehti. pietilä attended meeting of team x group of architects, held in 1972 @ cornell university in usa, concerned questions of structuralism in architecture, emphasising elements of culture, in reaction universalising tendencies of modernism, promoted team x s instigators, older generation of ciam. pietilä took diametric viewpoint of rationalist school, , though works (designed in partnership wife raili pietilä) had of organic idiosyncrasies of aalto, far more abstract , nebulous. in arguing nature apotheosis of plasticity, demanded morphological analysis of architectural products, considering euclidean geometry inadequate instrument of analysis. first major work, finnish pavilion @ 1958 brussels expo did in fact take modular approach akin theories of blomstedt; however, wooden rectangular box-like units whole gave foretaste of pietilä s later surfaces based entirely on free form; notable of these organic works being kaleva church, tampere (1959–66), dipoli student assembly building, espoo (1961–66), metso library, tampere (1978–86) , culminating in final work, official residence of president of finland, mäntyniemi, helsinki (1983–93). these buildings had been result of open architectural competitions.
a more direct connection between aalto , opposing trend of structuralism can seen in work of arto sipinen; had been employee of aalto @ time when latter directing construction of seminaarinmäki campus university of jyväskylä (1951–69). aalto had resigned planning of area in 1969 following disagreements clients , consequently competition held in 1969-70 further planning of campus, including new main library. competition won sipinen. in contrast aalto s vaguely organic or, himself termed, athenian acropolis layout (i.e. individual non-rectangular-shaped buildings set within park landscape , long vistas distance), sipinen s scheme involved structuralist-inspired layout, part strict rational grid, distinct rectangular-shaped buildings, , part urban kasbah , himself termed it, alleyways , courtyards, albeit continuing use of redbrick aalto had followed existing buildings on site dating 19th century. during following decades, sipinen continue same structuralist form language in design of espoo cultural centre (1989), in university of jyväskylä s other campuses @ mattilanniemi , ylistönrinne, though building entire new campuses in white .
university of oulu campus, kari virta (1967-).
both aalto s , sipinen s work on planning of university of jyväskylä campus, , aalto s planning of helsinki university of technology campus in otaniemi, should seen within context of finnish state s desire after war expand further education throughout country, foundation of several new universities purpose-built campuses. former aalto employee, jaakko kontio (together kalle räike), designed campus of lappeenranta university of technology (1969), partly following red-brick aesthetic of aalto topical structuralist-inspired layouts. these structuralist-inspired layout of sipinen s or kontio s works had more gritty counterpart - in sense of spurning expensive materials associated tradition , grandeur - in university of oulu campus (1967-) designed kari virta; working on idea of infinitely extendable mat building , individual parts made brightly painted prefabricated elements made cheap materials.
if minimalism of rationalist school equally inspired works of modernist masters le corbusier , ludwig mies van der rohe machine aesthetic of russian constructivist architecture or machine futurism of buckminster fuller, there allusions , references cultural precedent, equally finnish peasant dwellings , japanese vernacular architecture. attitude indeed seen falling under structuralist outlook of time, evident in japanese modernist architects such kenzo tange, , in parallel architectural phenomenon of brutalist architecture (a reference british architectural style same period). main exponent of style aarno ruusuvuori, heavy use of concrete aesthetic; e.g. huutoniemi church, vaasa (1964), tapiola church (1965) , weilin & göös print works, espoo (1964–66; converted weegee exhibition centre, 2006). other known examples of brutalist concrete style holy cross chapel, turku, pekka pitkänen (1967), järvenpää church erkki elomaa (1968) , sibelius museum, turku, woldemar baeckman (1968). prevailing construction method of prefabricated concrete elements during 1960s , 1970s given different interpretation in sts bank building (1973–76), tampere, kosti kuronen, took on form language of building blocks , porthole windows inspired japanese metabolist architecture, suggesting growth , adaptability.
the ideas of mies van der rohe have had different interpretation in buildings of juha leiviskä, equally inspired de stijl in regard unbounded continuity of space represented series of parallel walls, ideas ethereal qualities of natural light german baroque churches (e.g. churches designed asam brothers) lamps in turkish churches , mosques, including hagia sophia; indeed, leiviskä made reputation competition success in design of churches; e.g. st.thomas s church , parish centre, oulu (1975), myyrmäki church, vantaa (1984), kirkkonummi parish centre, kirkkonummi (1984), männistö church, kuopio (1992), , pakila church, helsinki (2002). thus, instance, in case of myyrmäki church, evident on exterior interior space of relatively long building comprised spaces left between series of free-standing solid walls; is, there no rectangular-shaped spaces.
postmodernism, critical regionalism, deconstruction, minimalism, parametricism
since late 1970s finland has been more open direct international influences. continuity earlier functionalism, however, has been evident in prevailing minimalism, seen, example, in works of heikkinen – komonen architects (e.g. heureka science centre, vantaa, 1985–89) , olli pekka jokela (e.g. biokeskus 3, helsinki, 2001) prolific output of pekka helin (e.g. finnish parliament annex, 2004). irony , playfulness of postmodern architecture greeted disdain in finland, though incorrect had no influence, if 1 sees part of dominant spirit of times . example, works of simo paavilainen (influenced more scholarly interest in nordic classicism , postmodernism s italian rationalist interpretation), more whimsical postmodern collages of nurmela-raimoranta-tasa architects (e.g. bepop shopping centre, pori, 1989), , theoretical musings on place , phenomenology juhani pallasmaa. interestingly, aalto s architecture (the nordic classicism , later mature works) used in defending positions of both modernist , postmodernist schools of thought. architects of so-called oulu koulu (oulu school), including heikki taskinen , reijo niskasaari, had been students of reima pietilä @ university of oulu school of architecture, , in attempting create regionalist architecture, combined elements of populist postmodernism - instance, quotation of classical elements such pediments - ideas vernacular architecture, organic growth , building morphology. key example of oulunsalo town hall (1982) arkkitehtitoimisto nvv (architects kari niskasaari, reijo niskasaari, kaarlo viljanen, ilpo väisänen , jorma Öhman).
however, greatest influence postmodernism in finland came through urban planning. part of southern , central european trend late 1970s onwards reassessed european city had been decimated war modernist planning principles. key architect-theorists in viewpoint were, rationalist architects italy aldo rossi , giorgio grassi, swiss architect mario botta, , german architect oswald mathias ungers, , more historicist-minded luxembourg postmodernists rob krier , leon krier. of these in different ways concerned in reviving idea of typology, is, precedents in urban form. 1 of key forums reconstruction of european city international building exhibition berlin (iba), built in west berlin 1979 1985, , above architects had profound influence. no finnish architects present in iba, yet in finnish cities renewed urban attitude became evident in planning practices extent urban planning under control of city planning authorities set precise demands on urban development; example, layouts of traditional street grids, , overall appearance of buildings in terms of height, streetscape, roof line, , building materials. key examples planning of areas of itä-pasila (western edge) , länsi-pasila , katajanokka in helsinki. in terms of architectural form, materialised postmodernist details added overall mass. example, in otavamedia (publishers) offices in länsi-pasila, helsinki (1986) ilmo valjakka, postmodern versions of central , southern european details such corner towers, blind (i.e. unusable) colonnades , scenographic bridges, added overall mass. also, in bepop shopping centre (1989), pori, nurmela-raimoranta-tasa architects, idiosyncratic postmodern interior , curved medieval street cutting through building, overall urban block still fits within strict height parameters area. kankaanpää public office centre (1994) architects sinikka kouvo , erkki partanen applied heterotopic ordering - clashes of different volumes - discernible in mature work of aalto postmodernist twist of mario botta-esque round houses , striking striped bands of brickwork.
the aims @ new understanding of regionalism yet in modern idiom materialised in greater use of timber - building material associated historically finnish architecture. however, there lies dichotomy in use: between inherent positive values , use symbolising nostalgia, not mention exploiting industrial potential pervading timber industry. in 1956 alvar aalto argued use of wood not nostalgic return traditional material; case of biological characteristics, limited heat conductivity, kinship man , living nature, pleasant sensation touch gives. . special unit, so-called wood studio - partly funded finnish wood industry - founded @ aalto university not research wood construction build experimental structures in wood, using computer-based parametric design principles. example of observation tower @ helsinki zoo (2002) ville hara , wood studio. similarly, kärsämäki shingle church (1999-2004) anssi lassila, result of student competition held university of oulu department of architecture, based on idea of modern church built using 18th century timber construction techniques, reminder of previous church on same site. other notable large-scale wooden constructions since 2000 include sibelius concert hall, lahti (1997-2000), aprt; east stand roof of helsinki olympic stadium (2005) k2s architects; , kilden performing arts centre, kristiansand, norway (2012), ala architects. museum of history of polish jews, warsaw, poland (2013), lahdelma & mahlamäki characterised principle of complex objects in glass box , including parametrically-designed organic forms.
if deconstructivism can said have had influence on finnish architecture in 1990s , 2000s, through global influence of dutch architect rem koolhaas; architecture typified playful formal disjunctions of forms , use of generic , anti-architecture aesthetic value. prime examples of have been work of kai wartiainen (e.g. high tech centre, ruoholahti, helsinki, 2001) , ark-house architects (e.g. helsinki city college of technology, audio visual school, 2001). examples of more biomorphic works, if not using parametric design principles, seen in work of jyrki tasa of arkkitehdit nrt (e.g. moby dick house, espoo, 2008; house, espoo, 1998), , anttinen oiva architects (kaisa house, university of helsinki library, 2012). whimsy , populism of postmodernism , concern playing architecture form of language took few finnish architects realm of conceptual art or theoretical or paper architecture: example, works of casagrande & rintala more installations art or architecture biennales. work land(e)scape (1999) involved raising old , abandoned log barns onto 10-metre high stilts - comment on exodus of rural population finnish rural areas - artwork culminating setting barns on fire.
neo- , generic urbanism , green building
late 20th century , 21st century finland has witnessed greater consolidation of greater capital region, helsinki-espoo-vantaa. helsinki, unable expand outwards due being hemmed in coastline neighbouring cities (formerly rural counties) of espoo , vantaa, has adopted planning policies of increased urban densification, argued under policy of sustainable development , green building , de-industrialisation, is, moving industrial concerns away shorelines in proximity city centre, redeveloped up-market housing. example shoreline-facing housing development on katajanokka, helsinki, nurmela-raimoranta-tasa architects (2006). significant earlier planning policies effected urban growth construction of 3 ring roads construction of helsinki metro system, begun in 1982, in turn had been reactions 1968 plan american-finnish firm smith-polivinen drive wide freeways through centre of helsinki. metro extends eastern helsinki, , due (2014–15) extend espoo, new growth nodes being planned around new stations. occurred within boundaries of helsinki in late 1970s , 1980s, prime example being construction of itäkeskus (east centre), metro station integrated shopping centre , adjacent library , swimming hall, significant architectural work of ensemble being main shopping mall , 82-metre-tall tower (1987) erkki kairamo (gullichsen kairamo vormala architects), architect influenced 1920s , 30s russian constructivist architecture. former industrial, dockyard , shipbuilding areas of helsinki being replaced new housing areas, designed in minimalist-functionalist style new support services such kindergartens , schools (which, sake of efficiency, intended use neighbourhood communal facilities; e.g. opinmäki school , multipurpose centre [2016] esa ruskeepää), allowing large-scale shopping malls (e.g. new districts of ruoholahti, arabianranta, vuosaari, hernesaari, hanasaari, jätkäsaari , kalasatama), projects driven forward architecture , urban planning competitions. major landmark in urban planning , architecture creation, on basis of 1995 architectural competition, of eco-district of viikki (plan petri laaksonen), adjacent new campus university of helsinki. other major cities, in particular lahti, tampere, oulu , turku adopting similar strategies greater helsinki region, while developing more efficient rail , road systems within these networks, while promoting extensive bicycle path networks.
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