in 1282 edward of england defeated llywelyn ap gruffudd, wales s last independent prince, in battle. edward followed practice used norman predecessors in subjugation of english, , constructed series of great stone castles in order control wales, preventing further military action against england welsh. ‘english’ political control @ time came anglo-norman customs , language; english did not displace welsh majority language of welsh people until anti welsh language campaigns, began towards end of 19th century (54% spoke welsh in 1891; see welsh language). welsh language spoken one-fifth of population. has been enjoying support authorities decades, resulting in revival, , in healthy position in many parts of wales.
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