pope alexander iii (pictured highest @ right) first pope allowed cardinals occupy external episcopal sees.
there no consistency titulature used external cardinals in official documents issued popes, secular rulers or themselves. cardinal-abbots subscribed or called cardinals, abbots, , using both titles. abbot mainardo of pomposa subscribed papal bulls cardinal-bishop of silva candida. desiderius of montecassino subscribed papal bulls abbot , cardinal or cardinal, while papal privileges abbey montecassino call him either cardinal , abbot or abbot. abbot richard of st.-victor used forms “cardinal , abbot” or abbot. leonato of s. clemente in casauria in private documents subscribed cardinal , abbot papal privileges issued him call him abbot without indicating cardinalate.
cardinals simultaneously bishops appear in documents both titles: cardinalitial , episcopal. exceptions archbishop uberto crivelli of milan, subscribed papal bulls cardinal, , ruggiero of benevento, styled archbishop, while cardinalate mentioned infrequently.
even more differentiated engagement of external cardinals in church government , papal policy, if limited evidence not highlight question. of them spent time working in papal curia, attested subscriptions on papal bulls. among signatories of papal privileges appear abbots desiderius of montecassino, mainardo of pomposa, giovanni of subiaco, richard of st.-victor, oderisio de marsi of montecassino, bernardo degli uberti of vallombrosa, amico of s. vincenzo, adenulf of farfa, benedetto of torre maggiore , giovanni of s. sophia, bishops hugo candidus, konrad von wittelsbach, guillaume of reims, uberto crivelli of milan, giovanni of toscanella , ruffino of rimini. last 3 seem have been de facto curial cardinals, having spent @ papal court of time. on other hand, cardinals pietro of s. benedetto in salerno, rainaldo of montecassino, simone of subiaco, leonato of s. clemente in casauria, ruggiero of benevento, roffredo of montecassino or riccardo of montecassino seem have never participated in curial business. cardinals adelardo cattaneo of verona, guy paré of reims, uberto pirovano of milan , stephen langton of canterbury after episcopal appointments no longer attested in papal curia.
several external cardinals acted papal legates or vicars, in region of episcopal seat or abbey. among them were:
peter igneus of s. salvatore – legate in germany (1079) , france (1080),
mainardo of pomposa – legate before emperor henry iv (1065) , in milan (1067)
richard of st.-victor – legate in spain many years
konrad von wittelsbach – legate in germany 1177
guillaume of reims – legate in france 1179
ruffino of rimini – legate in imola (ca.1191)
gerardo de sessio – legate in lombardy (1210–11)
besides, external cardinals participated in papal elections: desiderius of montecassino , richard of st.-victor in 1086, oderisio de marsi in 1088, enrico of mazara , amico of s. vincenzo in 1118, simone borelli in 1159, uberto crivelli in 1185, konrad von wittelsbach in 1185, giovanni of toscanella in 1191 , 1198, , ruffino of rimini in 1191.
three external cardinals became popes: frederick of montecassino became pope stephen ix in 1057, desiderius of montecassino became pope victor iii in 1086 , uberto crivelli of milan became pope urban iii in 1185.
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