1 english in britain , ireland
1.1 wales
1.2 ireland
1.3 northern ireland
1.4 scotland
1.5 isle of man
english in britain , ireland
wales
in 1282 edward of england defeated llywelyn ap gruffudd, wales s last independent prince, in battle. edward followed practice used norman predecessors in subjugation of english, , constructed series of great stone castles in order control wales, preventing further military action against england welsh. ‘english’ political control @ time came anglo-norman customs , language; english did not displace welsh majority language of welsh people until anti welsh language campaigns, began towards end of 19th century (54% spoke welsh in 1891; see welsh language). welsh language spoken one-fifth of population. has been enjoying support authorities decades, resulting in revival, , in healthy position in many parts of wales.
ireland
the second english dominion ireland. arrival of normans in ireland in 1169, king henry ii of england gained irish lands , fealty of many native gaelic nobles. 14th century, however, english rule largely limited area around dublin known pale. english influence on country waned during period point english-dominated parliament driven legislate irish of english descent must speak english (requiring did not know english learn it) through statutes of kilkenny in 1367.
english rule expanded in 16th century tudor conquest of ireland, leading gaelic order collapse @ start of 17th century. flight of earls in 1607 paved way plantation of ulster , deepening of english language culture in ireland. cromwellian plantation , suppression of catholicism, including both native irish , old english (those of anglo-norman descent), further cemented english influence across country.
as centuries passed , social conditions in ireland deteriorated, culminating in great irish famine, irish parents didn t speak irish children knew children might have emigrate , irish of no use outside home country, in britain, united states, australia or canada. in addition, introduction of universal state education in national schools 1831 proved powerful vector transmission of english home language, greatest retreat of irish language occurring in period between 1850 , 1900.
by 20th century, ireland had centuries-old history of diglossia. english prestige language while irish language associated poverty , disfranchisement. accordingly, irish people spoke both irish , english refrained speaking children in irish, or, in extreme cases, feigned inability speak irish themselves. despite state support irish language in irish free state (later republic of ireland) after independence, irish continued retreat, economic marginality of many irish-speaking areas (see gaeltacht) being primary factor. reason irish spoken mother tongue small number of people on island of ireland. irish has been compulsory subject in schools in republic since 1920s , proficiency in irish until mid-1980s required government jobs.
it may noted, however, words (especially germane political , civic life) in irish remain features of irish life , rarely, if ever, translated english. these include names of legislative bodies (such dáil Éireann , seanad Éireann), government positions such taoiseach , tánaiste, of elected representative(s) in dáil (teachta dála), , political parties (such fianna fáil , fine gael). ireland s police force, garda síochána, referred gardaí , or guards short. irish appears on government forms, euro-currency, , postage stamps, in traditional music , in media promoting folk culture. irish placenames still common houses, streets, villages, , geographic features, thousands of townlands. these important exceptions, , despite presence of irish loan words in hiberno-english, ireland today largely english-speaking country. fluent or native irish speakers minority in of country, irish remaining vernacular in relatively small gaeltacht regions, , irish speakers have fluent english.
northern ireland
at time of partition, english had become first language of vast majority in northern ireland. had small elderly irish-speaking populations in sperrin mountains in northern glens of antrim , rathlin island. there pockets of irish speakers in southernmost part of county armagh. of these irish speakers bilingual , chose speak english children, , these areas of northern ireland entirely english-speaking. however, in 2000s gaeltacht quarter established in belfast drive inward investment response notable level of public interest in learning irish , expansion of irish-medium education (predominantly attended children home language english) since 1970s. in recent decades, nationalists in northern ireland have used means of promoting irish identity. however, amount of interest unionists remains low, particularly since 1960s. 165,000 people in northern ireland have knowledge of irish. ability varies; 64,847 people stated understand, speak, read , write irish in 2011 uk census, majority of whom have learnt second language. otherwise, except place names , folk music, english sole language of northern ireland. friday agreement acknowledges position both of irish , of ulster scots in republic of ireland , in northern ireland.
scotland
anglic speakers established in lothian 7th century, remained confined there, , indeed contracted advance of gaelic language. however, during 12th , 13th centuries, norman landowners , retainers, invited settle king. probable many of retainers spoke northern form of middle english, although french more common. of evidence suggests english spread scotland via burgh, proto-urban institutions first established king david i. incoming burghers english (especially northumbria, , earldom of huntingdon), flemish , french. although military aristocracy employed french , gaelic, these small urban communities appear have been using english more lingua franca end of 13th century. english appeared in scotland first time in literary form in mid-14th century, when form unsurprisingly differed little other northern english dialects. consequence of outcome of wars of independence though, english of lothian lived under king of scots had accept scottish identity. growth in prestige of english in 14th century, , complementary decline of french in scotland, made english prestige language of of eastern scotland.
thus, end of 14th century, , end of 15th century, scotland began show split 2 cultural areas – english or scots lowlands, , gaelic-speaking highlands (which thought include galloway , carrick; see galwegian gaelic). caused divisions in country lowlands remained, historically, more influenced english south: lowlands lay more open attack invading armies south , absorbed english influence through proximity , trading relations southern neighbours.
in 1603 scottish king james vi inherited throne of england, , became james of england. james moved london , returned once scotland. time of james vi s accession english throne old scottish court , parliament spoke scots. scots developed anglian spoken in northumbrian kingdom of bernicia, in 6th century conquered brythonic kingdom of gododdin , renamed capital of din eidyn edinburgh (see etymology of edinburgh). scots continues heavily influence spoken english of scottish people today. more similar dialects in north of england british english, today. introduction of king james version of bible scottish churches blow scots language, since used southern english forms.
in 1707 scottish , english parliaments signed treaty of union. implementing treaty involved dissolving both english , scottish parliaments, , transferring powers new parliament in london became british parliament. customs , currency union took place. this, scotland s position consolidated within united kingdom.
today, residents of scotland speak english, although many speak various dialects of scots differ markedly scottish standard english. approximately 2% of population use scottish gaelic language of everyday use, in northern , western regions of country. virtually scottish gaelic speakers speak fluent english.
isle of man
the isle of man crown dependency. english , manx gaelic 2 official languages. because few speak manx first language, inhabitants of isle of man speak english.
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