around 1600, portuguese merchants working on coast south of kwanza river encountered imbangala bands ravaging kingdom of benguela, overlord in region. these imbangala prepared sell captives had taken in wars portuguese in exchange european goods. in around 1615, portuguese governors invited of these bands cross kwanza , serve in armies. governor luis mendes de vasconcelos used these bands effect, when, beginning in 1618 used them buttress armies , local rebels attack ndongo. on next 3 years, expelled king of ndongo capital @ kabasa, forcing him take refuge on kindonga islands in kwanza river, captured members of royal family, sent expeditionary forces far inland matamba, , captured , exported many 50,000 people slaves brazil , spanish indies. first africans arrive in north american english colony of virginia taken these captives, english privateers attacking shipping.
in 1617, imbangala allied portuguese in invading ndongo. imbangala took control of kwango valley, forming new kingdom. imbangala , expanded trade regional neighbors, selling salt goods, , portuguese, selling slaves. queen nzinga of ndongo traveled luanda in 1623 , negotiated peace. portuguese administrator in charge of angola adopted nzinga goddaughter, giving christian name dona ana de souza. peace portugal however, did not affect poor relations between imbangala , ndongo kingdoms. imbangala continued attack , kidnap ndongo civilians, selling them slavery. portugal intervened militarily, ostensibly on nzinga s behalf, , , many kimbundu retreated east matamba. there established new kimbundu kingdom , prepared war portuguese. portuguese declared ari kiluanji new ngola (chief) head of ndongo. kiluanji lacked political , religious legitimacy in eyes of many kimbundu revolted against new establishment encouragement nzinga.
in aftermath of war, king of ndongo sent sister njinga mbandi luanda negotiate peace treaty in 1622. imbangala bands had not proved obedient portuguese hoped , ravaging far , wide among both ndongo s lands , controlled portugal. in terms of agreement njinga negotiated, portugal agreed withdraw fort @ ambaca mendes de vasconcelos had founded base operations against ndongo, , return large number of serfs (kijiko) had captured, in restraining imbangala operating in ndongo, , allow king return traditional capital. in exchange ndongo swear vassalage portugal , pay 100 slaves per year tribute. however, none of these conditions met.
mendes de vasconcelos successor, joão correia de sousa agreed terms of treaty, in part because hoped repeat predecessors war imbangala against kongo. in 1622 led bloody campaign against territory of kasanze, located near luanda , under kongo s authority, claiming kongo subordinate of nambu ngongo harbored runaway slaves, invaded region, , finally, upset kongo electors had chosen pedro ii former duke of mbamba king of kongo, invaded mbamba itself. in november, 1622, met hastily gathered kongo army @ battle of mbumbi , defeated it, imbangala allies eating duke , other kongo nobles. however, pedro ii brought down larger army, defeated portuguese force , began campaign of humiliation many portuguese resident in kongo. in aftermath of shock, many portuguese resident in luanda, had invested money in kongo threatened ruin , demanded governor leave. correia de sousa driven ndongo , imprisoned in portugal. kongo, meanwhile, had made alliance dutch west india company attack luanda, , junta ran angola in aftermath of correia de sousa s expulsion, made peace kongo, restoring of slaves had seized. result, kongo refused assist piet heyn s fleet netherlands when arrived , attacked luanda in 1624.
following disaster of correia de sousa, crown sent fernão de sousa governor of angola in 1624. had orders make fewer unjust wars in country, , tried bring order fiscal system. insisted on keeping portuguese positions @ ambaca , return captured kijiko in ndongo, , reluctant recognize njinga ruler of ndongo following death of brother suicide in 1624. result of failure of negotiations, de sousa undertook series of wars against njinga. 2 major wars in 1626 , 1628 drove njinga kingdonga island matamba established base in 1631. fitful negotiations followed, , in 1639 njinga concluded peace portugal. @ same time portugal established diplomatic relations kasanje, imbangala band occupied kwango river valley south of njinga s domains in matamba.
queen nzinga in peace negotiations portuguese governor in luanda, 1657.
salvador de sá sought restore portuguese authority as possible during rule 1648 1652. however, made little progress, aside forcing njinga retreat position in cavanga matamba. successors in seventeenth century sought renew warfare had expanded portuguese authority , filled slaves ships before dutch interlude. aggressive foreign policies less successful. following disastrous campaign in kisama in 1654-55 governor faced widespread settler disobedience saw wars hurt trade , killed subjects.
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