at least 8 abbots of monte cassino between 1057–1259/62 simultaneously cardinals of holy roman church.
the college of cardinals originated college of main clergy of city of rome. title of cardinal concerned priests of 28 parochial churches of eternal city (tituli), required assist pope in liturgical service in 4 basilicas of rome (vatican basilica, liberian basilica, basilica of st. paul outside walls , san lorenzo fuori le mura). later (probably in 8th century) term extended bishops of 7 dioceses bordering diocese of rome: ostia, porto, albano, palestrina, silva candida (1079 replaced segni), gabii-lavicum (whose name later changed tusculum, , later frascati) , velletri (after 1060 replaced sabina). these bishops (cardinal-bishops) performed liturgical service in lateran basilica. finally, deacons serving in papal household or heading ecclesiastical regions of city (and later attached churches called deaconries), became cardinals (cardinal-deacons).
the cardinals of holy roman church 11th century had strictly liturgical duties , took no part in government of church. cardinal bishops equal other bishops, if celebrating rite of consecration of new pope gave them considerable prestige, while dignity of cardinal priest or deacon considered lower of bishop. liturgical service in 5 patriarchal basilicas of rome, day pastoral duties in constant presence of cardinals @ rome.
this situation started gradually change ascension of pope leo ix (1049–1054) , beginning of reform papacy. pope, in order reform corrupted roman clergy, appointed several new cardinals monastic centers outside rome, such monte cassino, remiremont , cluny. these new cardinals became close advisors. leo’s successors continued trend , nicholas ii in 1059 gave cardinals exclusive right elect new pope. @ end of 11th century boca formed single college of cardinals, became main body of papal government — served experts or judges in legal causes (auditors), countersigned solemn papal privileges, acted governors of cities or provinces of papal states or sent popes on important diplomatic missions. cardinals became important members of roman curia, , such still required reside in papal court, unless dispatched legatine mission in name of pope.
bernardo degli uberti simultaneously cardinal , abbot of vallombrosa. in 1106 became bishop of parma , resigned cardinalate appointment
almost simultaneously development of college of cardinals body of papal advisors, popes started elevate cardinalate external abbots. after such appointments, continued reside in abbeys , did not become members of papal curia. on other hands, elections of cardinals posts of abbots of external monasteries ratified popes. main goal of such appointments strengthen ties between important monastic centers roman church. first known instances of such appointments concerned abbey of montecassino, 1 of main centers supporting reform of church. in 1057 cardinal-deacon frederick de lorraine (the future pope stephen x) elected abbot of montecassino; pope victor ii confirmed election , simultaneously named him cardinal-priest of s. crisogono. successor abbot of montecassino, desiderio, promoted cardinalate, continued act abbot. 1057 until 1259/62 @ least 8 abbots of montecassino simultaneously members of college of cardinals. other italian (e.g. subiaco, farfa, vallombrosa, s. sophia in benevento) , french abbeys (st. victor @ marseille) time ruled cardinal-abbots.
during investiture controversy, both legitimate popes antipope clement iii developed another, not entirely new, practice. appointed cardinals important episcopal sees in italy in order assure government own trusted collaborators. antipope clement iii named cardinals hugo candidus , roberto of s. marco bishops of fermo , faenza respectively. popes victor iii , urban ii appointed cardinals episcopal sees of brescia (herimanus) , reggio-emilia (bonussenior). practice continued successive popes, named cardinals particularly reestablished latin archiepiscopal sees in southern italy (siponto, brindisi, salerno, benevento). also, 3 successive archbishops of pisa: uberto rossi lanfranchi (1133–1137/38), balduino (1138–1145) , villano caetani (1146–1175) cardinals.
coat of arms of guillaume aux blanches mains, archbishop of reims , cardinal-priest of s. sabina
up pontificate of pope alexander iii (1159–1181), cardinals appointed external episcopal sees, resigned membership in college of cardinals after receiving episcopal consecration, shows episcopate considered higher dignity of cardinal-priest or deacon. on other hand, bishops never appointed cardinals. certainly, episcopate , cardinalate considered incompatible dignities. however, during alexander’s pontificate change apparent; although there still cases of cardinals leaving college of cardinals after assuming episcopal office (lombardo of benevento, rainaldo of gaeta), there appeared members of college simultaneously cardinals , bishops. perhaps alexander iii followed here example of rival, antipope victor iv, in 1162 appointed aicardo cornazzano bishop of parma , cardinal-priest. first such instance in legitimate obedience conrad of wittelsbach, appointed cardinal-priest of s. marcello in december 1165 , subsequently promoted suburbicarian see of sabina, continued act archbishop of mainz. archbishop of reims guillaume aux blanches mains named cardinal priest of s. sabina in 1179, retained archdiocese of reims; bishops giovanni of toscanella, ruffino of rimini , gerardo of novara, elevated cardinalate in 1189, 1190 , 1211 respectively. on other hand, when cardinal-priest uberto crivelli elected , consecrated archbishop of milan in 1185, retained cardinalate , roman titulus (s. lorenzo in damaso). posts of cardinal , bishop no longer considered incompatible each other. moreover, rank of cardinal-priest or cardinal-deacon became equal of bishop. however, seems elected, not yet consecrated, bishops appointed cardinals obliged resign sees.
further development occurred in pontificate of clement iii (1187–1191). cardinals elected external sees renounced titular churches without resigning membership in college of cardinals. used title cardinalis sanctae romanae ecclesiae in addition episcopal title, without indicating cardinalitial order or titular church. first such case of adelardo cattaneo, cardinal-priest of s. marcello 1185 , bishop of verona 1188–1214. resigned church of san marcello appears not titulature in documents, fact during lifetime new cardinal-priest of title (fidanzio) appointed. case of adelardo followed cardinal-archbishops guy paré of reims (1204), uberto pirovano of milan (1207) , stephen langton of canterbury (1207) under pope innocent iii. @ end of 12th century ca. 15% of members of college of cardinals external cardinals.
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