south finland , erik dahlbergh, suecia antiqua et hodierna, 1660-1716.
sveaborg fortress, helsinki, 1747-. plan showing fortification lines.
standard drawings army personnel homes, quartermaster , colonel, j.b. virgin, 1766.
already in mid-16th century there odd example of importing refined renaissance architecture principles finland. duke john of finland (later king john iii of sweden) (1537–92) built refined renaissance interiors in otherwise medieval turku castle. however, during 17th century sweden became major political power in europe, extending territory present day estonia, russia , poland - , expansiveness reflected in architecture on next century. these architectural ambitions realised in finland, too, , markedly in founding of new towns. 4 new towns founded along gulf of bothnia on west coast of finland during reign of gustavus ii adolphus: nystad (uusikaupunki in finnish) in 1617, , nykarleby (uusikaarlepyy in finnish), karleby (kokkola in finnish) , torneå (tornio in finnish) in 1620. these characterised strict grid street plans, filled in single-storey vernacular-style wooden buildings. stricter building , planning regulations came appointment of per brahe governor-general of finland in 1637 (a position held intermittently until 1653). among new towns founded brahe hämeenlinna, savonlinna, kajaani, raahe , kristinestad shifting position of helsinki.
the great northern war (1700–21) , occupation of finland russia (known great wrath, 1713–21) led vast areas of sweden s territory being lost russia, though finland remained part of sweden. led rethinking of sweden s defence policies, including creation of more fortification works in eastern finland, in particular founding of fortress town of fredrikshamn (hamina), first plan axel von löwen in 1723. von löwen designed baroque octagonal ideal city plan, modelled on similar fortress towns in central europe - though in terms of shape , street pattern similar palmanova in italy. however, following so-called hat s war between sweden , russia in 1741-43, sweden again lost, large area of eastern finland ceded russia, including hamina , fortified towns of lappeenranta , savonlinna. focus of country s defences switched small provincial coastal town, helsinki. however, during russia s rule of hamina, grandeur of neoclassical architecture continued grow; , when town returned finland, of finland became grand duchy of russia in 1809, refined architecture continued further, several buildings designed carl ludvig engel designed in prevailing neoclassical style.
helsinki had been founded trading town gustav in 1550 town of helsingfors, intended rival hanseatic city of reval (today known tallinn), directly south across gulf of finland. siting proved unfavourable , town remained small , insignificant, , plagued poverty , diseases. site changed in 1640. new grid town plan architecture of town remained modest, single-storey buildings. however, development in helsinki s architecture came after 1748 construction of sveaborg fortress - nowadays world heritage site - (first planned augustin ehrensvärd) on group of islands off coast helsinki; heart of fortress dockyard, distinct baroque architecture english-style landscape park placed within otherwise unsymmetrical fortification system, built in stone , brick, , many of windows in classical facade compositions in fact painted on. architecture of buildings in restrained rococo classicism named after influential swedish architect carl hårleman(1700-1753). hårleman had been responsible completing royal palace in stockholm, begun nicodemus tessin younger, himself responsible design of grand entrance sveaborg fortress, so-called king s gate , may have had input, too, in design of other key residential buildings there.
the height of sweden s political expansion marked instigation crown of publication erik dahlbergh s suecia antiqua et hodierna (ancient , modern sweden), published 1660-1716, containing on 400 prepared engravings illustrating monuments of kingdom of sweden. however, 9 featured finland, towns of torneå , vyborg, , few castles, coats of arms of finnish counties, , depicting them wilderness areas, or in case of image south finland , craftsman carving classical column in wilderness. 1721 sweden s reign great power over, , russia dominated north. war-weary swedish parliament, riksdag, asserted new powers , reduced crown constitutional monarch, power held civilian government controlled riksdag, albeit 1772 gustav iii had imposed absolute monarchy, , 1788 sweden , russia again @ war in russo–swedish war (1788–1790). before war, so-called new age of freedom (1719-1772) opened, , swedish economy rebuilt. advances in natural sciences put culture in new perspective; instance, building techniques improved, use of wood-burning tiled oven , glass windows became more common. design of fortifications (often combined ideas town planning , architectural design) @ cutting-edge of warfare technology, fortifications officers travelling central europe follow new precedents. 1776 onward, drawings of public buildings had sent building approval , review in stockholm, , new statutes introduced prevent fires, typical wooden towns. attempts @ achieving uniformity in architecture furthered introduction of standard model plans . these first introduced restructuring of army charles xi in 1682, whereby each of lands of sweden have 1200 soldiers @ disposal, @ times, , 2 farms provide accommodations 1 soldier. model plans military quarters, showing detailed facades , scale, designed in classical hårleman rococo style or palladian style, , these in turn affected vernacular architecture, in same way model drawings of 16th century treatise palladio, quattro libri dell architettura, influenced following generations throughout europe , in colonies. among influential pattern books containing model drawings made swedish fortifications officer carl wijnblad (1702-1768), published in 1755, 1756 , 1766, spread in finland in sweden. particular significant example commandant s house in castle courtyard @ heart of sveaborg fortress off helsinki.
compared rest of europe, manor houses of finland extremely modest in size , architectural refinement. strictly speaking, manor house gift swedish king, , enjoyed tax privileges. later manors, stemmed military officer houses , mansions privately owned ironworks. oldest surviving stone manor houses date vasa period in 16th century; examples manors of kankainen (founded 1410s) , vuorentaka (late 1400s), both near turku. in south-west finland, louhisaari manor house, completed in 1655 (unknown architect, though designed builder-owner herman klasson fleming) rare example in finland of palladian-style country house. construction of manor houses in finland raises name of foreign architect in finland; prussian-born christian friedrich schröder (1722-1789) training mason , worked in stockholm before moving turku in 1756 , appointed city architect in 1756 - included responsibility training assistants. among works in turku, rebuilding of tower of turku cathedral designing in rococo , french classical styles, albeit in more modest idiom, schröder designed manor houses of lapila (1763), paddais (mid 1760s), nuhjala (1764), ala-lemu (1767), teijo (1770) , fagervik (1773), rauma town hall (1776).
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